Sanatana Dharma 101 – Essence & Essentials: Chapter 2: Exploring Satya, Faith (Vishwas), Nammakam (Belief) and Fact

This is Chapter 2; For Chapter 1: Click Here

It is always confusing to understand abstract concepts dealt with in various discourses on Sanatana Dharma – and in summary, we end up getting confused further. As I often say, when we do not understand/misinterpret a lesson – we tend to blame the subject when it is not approved by western thought, for example – we find people around us doling out predictions of the future; and when some of these predictions go wrong; we call Astrology is not science – it is not factual etc. Unfortunately, we blame the subject – and in comparison, when as kids, we struggle with a certain subject like mathematics; we blame the teacher not the subject.

Today, we will dwell into understanding few important concepts that form basis to understand Sanatana Dharma – and through this franchise, we will explore few important questions and attempt to answer them.

Unfortunately, our education system of today, is hardwired to believe, and is driven by evidence - and reject any other form of learning. Some of the phrases as students we often encounter – “hence proved”; “LHS=RHS”; burden of proof etc. And the knowledge our ancestors passed on from generation to generation is labelled as ancient/traditional and because it is not documented – lacks evidence.

So let us explore a question – first question I was asked by my Guruvu Garu:

We learnt that there are three states of matter – Solid, Liquid and Gas: What state of matter is fire?

I urge you to spend a minute, and not jump onto Google; and reason an answer, if you may.

The question is to enthuse you to see beyond western scientific dogma – It warrants a detailed answer; and I shall reserve it for another article for later.

To understand various facets of Sanatana Dharma – it is imperative to understand concepts such as Satya, Vishwas (faith), Nammakam (belief), and Fact - each hold distinct meanings yet are deeply interconnected within this tradition of knowledge – to fully fathom how wisdom of Vedic texts, Upanishads, and philosophical teachings reveal a holistic approach to knowledge, belief, and reality.

Let us explore this with an example – we are taught in Schools: Sun rises in the East and we believe it is a fact, unfortunately, it is not completely true. What do I mean? Let’s dissect:

0.      Sun exists – it is a fact; we experience it and we understand it.

1.      Because we are residents of Earth, and that is our plane of sight – relative to our sphere of vision: Sun rises in the East – it is true from the context of Earth; Take Away: Truth has versions and our truth is valid from Earth Perspective and is not necessarily the case elsewhere.

2.      We probably never questioned this; we assume that Earth will remain the same; in relation to Sun and thus our Truth: Sun rises in the East always remain – and this is faith (Vishwas)

3.      Again, we probably never thought about this as well: We go to bed every night, with a firm belief that we will see Sun the next day, rising from the East – that we will get up to breathe fresh air – and this is Nammakam (Belief)

Unfortunately, for every single incident/ episode we experience in our lives – we rarely ask these four questions. Let us delve a little deeper, and in the process connect the dots.

I. Understanding ‘Satya’ in Sanatana Dharma

1. The Concept of ‘Satya’

In Sanatana Dharma, Satya transcends the simple definition of factual correctness. It signifies alignment with cosmic order (Rta) and universal reality. Satya is seen as eternal, unchanging, and inseparable from Dharma (righteous conduct).

I hope, and I am assuming so – each of us is well versed with our Epics: Ramayana and Mahabharata:

Did you explore this question: In Ramayana: we celebrate King Rama as the Maryada Purushottama – our story’s central hero figure; while in Mahabharata: we celebrate Bhagwan Shri Krishna as our story’s central hero figure – but he is not the King in the story – who happens to be Yudhishthira – Dharma Raja – Why so?

This is because one who is anointed as the King, should and shall always pursue Dharma – an example case of "Satya"; if you may. In Sanatana Dharma, Satya is not only about facts but also about integrity, righteousness, and inner purity. Figures like King Rama, known as Maryada Purushottama, are celebrated for their unwavering commitment to Satya - one that is universally true.

For those of you, who seek to read more:  explore “The Mundaka Upanishad (3.1.6)”

 

II. Understanding ‘Vishwas’ (Faith) in Sanatana Dharma

1. Faith as a Foundational Principle

Vishwas (faith) is considered essential for spiritual growth and self-realization in Sanatana Dharma. Unlike belief, which can be blind if you may,  faith (Vishwas) is rooted in experience, trust, and wisdom.

2. The Role of Vishwas in Sanatana Dharma:

                •              Faith in the Guru (Guru Vishwas)

                •              Faith in the Scriptures (Shastra Vishwas)

                •              Faith in Divine Will (Ishwara Vishwas)

Faith can be described as an intuitive force that enables seeker of knowledge to transcend doubt and connect with deeper spiritual wisdom. If you are to achieve something, it begins with having faith in yourself, and how you approach a situation (Swadharma – will explore this at length in another article soon)

Let us explore an example: In Mahabharata – Bhagwan Shri Krishna delivers a profound discourse on dharma, duty, and the nature of reality to his devotee and friend, Arjuna, on the eve of the Kurukshetra war. There was another listener - Sanjaya, who had divine vision, also heard Bhagwan Krishna's teachings and relayed them to Dhritarashtra. While Arjuna, through his faith in his Guru Bhagwan Krishna, understood the essence, and sought permission to seek Moksha – Dhritarashtra felt dejected because he believed Bhagwan Krishna was preventing Arjuna to retire from fulfilling his duty as a warrior and engaging in the Kurukshetra war, which Dhritarashtra expected the Kauravas to win. 

Every act/incident is not received by each of us in a similar way; it is influenced by our faith.

 

III. Understanding ‘Nammakam’ (Belief) in Sanatana Dharma

1. Meaning and Origin of ‘Nammakam’

In Telugu and other Indian languages, Nammakam refers to belief — a deep-rooted conviction about spiritual, moral, or worldly matters.

 2. Nammakam in Vedic Tradition

While Nammakam as a term is often regionally understood, it aligns closely with the concept of Shraddha in our Vedic Tradition, which signifies belief built on respect, devotion, and trust.

So Why do we trust that we will see Sun the next day?

It is our respect towards Sun, and we are going to bed at night; believing we will see Sunrise next day. This tradition of respect is showcased in many forms: Morning Prayers; Ratha Saptami; Surya Namaskar etc.

Every element in nature – living and non-living is a bundle of energy (including stone) and our tradition warrants us to respect, worship and nurture the energy – and it shall reciprocate.

Case in Point: Till date, Western Science could not prove that Sun will rise again the next day.

 

IV. Understanding ‘Fact’ in Sanatana Dharma

1. Defining ‘Fact’ in the Dharmic Context

A Fact in Western thought is defined as an observable reality based on evidence that can be proven. In contrast, Sanatana Dharma emphasizes that facts must be interpreted in alignment with cosmic truth (Rta).

2. The Relationship Between Fact and Truth

While facts describe observable reality, they can sometimes be misleading if disconnected from higher plane of observation. Referring back to our example – we observe that sun is rising every day, an observable reality based on evidence but till date, we do not have scientifically conclusive proof.

In extension – Western Science relies on a process of discovery; and just because you are not able to prove an incident scientifically (as per western scientific practices) does not mean it is not true and is traditional dogma. So next time, if you are asked our religious beliefs baffle scientific explanations, so are just hearsay – you should know the answer.

Just because western science is not able to find evidential proof, our faith and shraddha driven knowledge is not be discarded. We should urge western science to struggle hard to explain, what we know is a fact from our traditional knowledge – catch up with our knowledge, if you may.

V. Conclusion

Sanatana Dharma provides a profound framework for understanding truth, faith, belief, and fact. By recognizing the distinctions and connections between these concepts, individuals can cultivate inner clarity, moral strength, and spiritual wisdom. Satya acts as the guiding principle, faith (Vishwas) empowers the seeker, belief (Nammakam) nurtures devotion, and facts provide the foundation for discernment. Together, they create a holistic path to self-realization and universal harmony.

In the words of the Rig Veda (10.190.1):

                “Rtam cha satyam cha abhiddhat tapaso adhyajayata”

            (From cosmic order and truth was born the universe itself.)

By embracing this wisdom, we can live with greater purpose, authenticity, and inner peace. So next time, you want to explore any event, situation and think – explore all the four aspects we discussed – this Jignyasa will help you grow, and is the true method for critical thinking.

I urge you to dwell on these thoughts. And you may read the next chapter in my next article, to know/learn more.

Sanatana Dharma 101 – Essence & Essentials: Chapter 1 Introduction

 Prelude

Over the course of last month, I got various emails and DMs (527 in number, to be precise) asking me to write on Sanatana Dharma, explaining it to a beginner - a sort of introduction guide to explain to modern-day kids, understanding the essentials and essence in simple language. On a side note, my earlier articles were well received and read widely over - Thank you !

With this background, I wanted to attempt explaining Sanatana Dharma (and it is not Hinduism, will do an article later dwelling on this topic). This series, Sanatana Dharma 101: Essence & Essentials, divided into 10 articles, is written based on my knowledge, research, and personal understanding of Sanatana Dharma. My intent is to present its core principles in a simple and accessible manner, especially for beginners and children.

While I strive for accuracy and depth, I do not claim to be the sole expert on this vast and timeless tradition. Sanatana Dharma is an ocean of wisdom with countless interpretations, and I encourage readers to explore further, question, and seek their own understanding.

This is a humble effort to share what I have learned, and may not fully encompass the depth of knowledge we are dealing with, and I welcome discussions, insights, and perspectives that enrich our collective journey in discovering the eternal truth.

Chapter 1: Introduction

Sanatana Dharma, often called the eternal way of life, is not just a religion but a philosophy that guides humanity toward truth, righteousness, and harmony with the universe. Unlike fixed doctrines, it is a vast, living tradition that embraces change while holding onto timeless wisdom.

The term Sanatana means “eternal,” and Dharma refers to the natural order, duty, and righteous path. It is not about blind faith but about seeking truth through knowledge, experience, and self-realization. The core principles of Sanatana Dharma are compassion, respect for all living beings, self-discipline, and the pursuit of spiritual wisdom.

It does not have a single founder or a fixed scripture but is built upon the Vedas, Upanishads, Ramayana, Mahabharata, Bhagavad Gita, and many other sacred texts. These texts do not impose rigid beliefs but offer guidance to understand life, the universe, and our purpose.

This series will explore the essence and essentials of Sanatana Dharma in simple terms—helping beginners, especially children, grasp its fundamental teachings. From concepts like karma, dharma, and moksha to understanding Hindu deities, festivals, and rituals, we will embark on a journey to uncover the eternal wisdom of this profound tradition. Explaining Life & Satisfaction to a Beginner.

Before we use complex words, and indulge in jargon, for someone new to this wisdom, I shall try to use simple analogies and relatable examples to introduce Sanatana Dharma, make them understand. Let’s break it down step by step in an easy and practical way –  I shall address some basic questions first, let’s begin:

1. What is Life?

(A) Life is Like a Movie

• Imagine you are watching a movie.

• Sometimes it’s happy, sometimes it’s sad, sometimes thrilling, sometimes boring.

• But you are not the movie—you are the one watching it.

Similarly, life is like a movie, but you are the witness (Atman).

• If you get too attached to the movie, you feel pain when bad things happen.

• But if you remember that you are only watching, you enjoy it without suffering.

 

(B) Life is Like a Journey

• Imagine you are on a long road trip.

• You pass through beautiful places and tough roads.

• But your goal is not to stay in one place forever, you keep moving.

Lesson: Don’t hold on to things. Enjoy the journey, but don’t get stuck at a place.

2. Why Do People Feel Unsatisfied?

(A) The Monkey Mind – The Cup with a Hole

• Imagine a monkey constantly jumping from one tree to another—that’s how our mind works.

• It keeps thinking, “I want this, I want that.”

• But even when it gets what it wants, it starts craving something else.

Example:

• A child wants a toy → He gets it → After 2 days, he wants a new one.

• A man wants a car → He buys it → After a year, he wants a better one.

This is like pouring water into a cup with a hole—no matter how much you pour, it will never be full.

 

Lesson: Real satisfaction comes not from getting more, but from fixing the hole (controlling desires).

3. Where Does True Satisfaction Come From?

(A) The Secret of the Ocean

• A small wave in the ocean keeps worrying:

• “I am so small!”

• “What if I disappear?”

• But it forgets that it is part of the vast ocean itself!

 

Lesson:

• You are not just this small body and mind, you are part of something vast & infinite (Atman)

• Once you realize this, all fears and desires disappear.

 

4. How to Be Satisfied in Life?

(A) Be Like the Sun, Not Like a Candle

• A candle always fears the wind because it is small.

• But the sun never worries because its light is infinite.

 

(B) Shift From “I Want” to “I Have”

• Instead of thinking about what you don’t have, focus on what you already have.

• A rich man with millions but always wanting more is poorer than a simple man who is content.

Example:

• You breathe thousands of times a day, but do you ever say “Thank you” for each breath?

• Satisfaction comes when we stop chasing and start appreciating.

Lesson:

• If your happiness depends on small things (money, status, opinions of others), you will always fear losing them.

• But if you realize your true nature (Atman), nothing can shake you.

5. Simple Daily Practices for Satisfaction ?

1. Morning Gratitude - Live the Day

• Every morning, say 3 things you are grateful for. You have a fresh start and a whole day to live for.

• This trains your mind to focus on what you have, not what you lack.

 

2. Live in the Present (Like a Child)

• Watch a small child playing—he doesn’t worry about the future, he enjoys every moment.

• The more you live in the present, the more satisfied you feel.

 

3. Detach from Outcomes (Bhagavad Gita Wisdom)

• Do your duty, but don’t expect a fixed result.

• Life is like planting a seed—do your best, but let nature take its course.

 

Lesson:

Satisfaction is not about having more—it is about needing less

I urge you to dwell on these thoughts, to begin with. And you may read the next chapter in my next article, to know/learn more

Sanatana Dharma & Ankh of Egypt: Connecting the Dots

In Sanatana Dharma, “Om” (or Aum) and the Knot of Life are deeply interconnected concepts, representing the cyclical nature of existence, the unity of creation, and the divine order that underpins the cosmos.

In ancient Egyptian tradition - The ankh, also known as the “key of life” or “Egyptian cross,” is one of the most recognizable symbols. It represents eternal life, spiritual energy, and the connection between the physical and divine realms. Exploring its connection to Sanatana Dharma (Hinduism), there are intriguing parallels in symbolic meanings and philosophical underpinnings that suggest a shared cultural influence or universal archetypes.

The ankh and symbols from Sanatana Dharma highlight humanity’s universal quest for understanding life, eternity, and the divine. While they may have originated in different contexts or evolved over time, the shared emphasis on spiritual interconnectedness, eternal cycles, and divine union points to the timeless and borderless nature of human spirituality. In this article, I would attempt to possibly connect the dots, one similarity at a time  – Read on:

1. Symbolism of the Ankh in Egypt

The ankh consists of:

• A loop (oval or teardrop-shaped) on top, symbolizing eternity, life, or the divine feminine.

• A crossbar and vertical stem, representing the material world and its intersection with the spiritual.

It was often depicted in the hands of gods or pharaohs, emphasizing their divine authority and connection to eternal life. The ankh was also associated with fertility, the flow of the Nile, and the balance of masculine and feminine energies.

2. Connection to Sanatana Dharma

Sanatana Dharma, the ancient spiritual tradition of India, shares many symbolic and philosophical elements with ancient Egyptian practices. The ankh, when analysed in this context, reveals potential links:

(a) Similarities to Om (ॐ)

The loop of the ankh and the overall shape bear some resemblance to the sacred sound symbol Om, which represents ultimate reality, consciousness, and the universe’s eternal nature. Both the ankh and Om symbolize life, the eternal cycle of birth and death, and the connection between the material and spiritual worlds.

(b) Life and Fertility

In Hinduism, life and fertility are often symbolized by the union of Shiva (masculine) and Shakti (feminine) energies. Similarly, the ankh can be interpreted as a union of male (vertical stem) and female (loop) principles, akin to the linga-yoni symbolism found in Hindu temples.

(c) Philosophy of Eternal Life

Both Egyptian spirituality and Sanatana Dharma emphasize the continuity of life beyond death. The ankh’s promise of eternal life mirrors the Hindu belief in samsara (the cycle of birth, death, and rebirth) and the ultimate goal of moksha (liberation).

(d) Use in Rituals

The ankh was used in Egyptian rituals to bestow life and energy, much like Hindu rituals use symbols such as the kalash (sacred pot) or mandalas to channel divine energy. The loop in the ankh could symbolize the bindu in Hindu yantras, the focal point of spiritual energy.

 3. Connecting the Dots

Both ancient Egypt and India were part of ancient trade and cultural exchange routes. Shared archetypes and ideas could have flowed through interactions, especially via:

• The Indus Valley Civilization, contemporaneous with ancient Egypt and culturally linked to Vedic traditions.

• The maritime trade routes connecting the Nile, Mesopotamia, and the Indian subcontinent.

Many scholars believe that the ankh is a “knot” formed of cloth or reeds, which is identical to the Sanskrit meaning of the term pasha viz. “knot”. The early versions of the ankh resemble the tyet symbol, also known as the “Knot of Isis”. The tyet carried the same meaning as the ankh i.e. “life”. It looks same as the ankh, except that its arms curve down, which suggests that it may have been a knot made with a cloth.

Ankh: The Symbol of Life in Egyptian Culture

1.  Meaning of the Ankh:

•  The Ankh, shaped like a cross with a loop at the top, symbolizes eternal life, vitality, and the union of opposites (male and female, earth and sky). It was widely used in Egyptian art to represent the life-giving power of the gods.

•  The Ankh also signifies the breath of life (Prana in Vedic terms), essential for sustaining existence.

The Loop as the Knot of Life:

•  The loop at the top of the Ankh is often interpreted as a cosmic knot, tying together the physical and spiritual dimensions. This parallels the Hindu concept of the Hridaya Granthi (heart knot) or the Knot of Life, which binds the soul to material existence.

In Sanatana Dharma, “Om” (or Aum) and the Knot of Life are deeply interconnected concepts, representing the cyclical nature of existence, the unity of creation, and the divine order that underpins the cosmos. Let us dwell into few of the Vedic references to understand this better:

Om: The Primal Sound of Creation

1.  Om as the Primordial Sound:

• Om is considered the most sacred syllable, representing the essence of the ultimate reality (Brahman). It is said to be the vibration from which the entire universe was created and is sustained.

• The Mandukya Upanishad (Verse 1) explains:

“Om is this whole world. Its further explanation is: the past, the present, and the future – everything is just Om. And whatever is beyond these three times, that too is Om.”

• Om is the seed from which life emerges and returns, symbolizing the eternal cycle of creation (Srishti), preservation (Sthiti), and dissolution (Laya).

Om as the Lifeforce:

• In the Rig Veda (1.164.39), it is stated that:

“The syllable Om is the immortal word. It is the essence of all that is sacred.”

 • Om represents the Prana (lifeforce) and the interconnectedness of all beings, much like the Knot of Life.

Knot of Life: A Symbol of Interconnection

1.      The Knot of Life in Vedic Thought:

• The Knot of Life refers to the binding force of creation. It symbolizes the interconnectedness of all existence—birth, death, and rebirth.

 • The Atharva Veda describes the cosmic knot or Hridaya-granthi (knot of the heart) that binds the soul to the physical and material world.

“This knot binds the mortal with the immortal, the seen with the unseen.” (Atharva Veda 10.8)

Knot as a Metaphor for Samsara:

 • The Knot of Life represents Samsara, the cycle of birth and death. It is the web of cause and effect (Karma) that ties individuals to the material world. Liberation (Moksha) is likened to untying this knot.

The Connection Between Om and the Knot of Life

1.      Om as the Unifying Force:

• Om is the vibrational essence that binds all of existence together, much like the Knot of Life represents the interconnectedness of beings. In chanting Om, one aligns with the universal energy and becomes aware of the knots binding them to Samsara.

• Bhagavad Gita (8.13):

“He who utters Om, the single-syllable Brahman, and remembers Me, attains the Supreme State after leaving the body.”

This suggests that Om is the key to unravelling the Knot of Life, leading to liberation.

Unravelling the Knot through Om:

• The Katha Upanishad (2.3.15) explains:

“When the knots of the heart are untied, the mortal becomes immortal. This is the teaching of the Vedas.”

Om, through meditation and spiritual practice, untangles the Knot of Life by dissolving the ego and connecting the individual soul to the universal soul.

Chakras and the Granthi:

• The Knot of Life is also metaphorically represented in the three granthis (knots) in the human energy system: Brahma Granthi, Vishnu Granthi, and Rudra Granthi. Chanting Om is believed to help release these knots and harmonize the flow of energy (Prana), leading to spiritual awakening.

Knot of Life in Sanatana Dharma

The Knot as the Binding Force:

 • In Sanatana Dharma, the Knot of Life represents the interconnectedness of all existence and the cycles of birth, death, and rebirth (Samsara). It is the force that ties the Jivatma (individual soul) to the material world.

 • The Atharva Veda (10.8.44) mentions:

“The knots of the heart are broken, all doubts are resolved, and all karmic bonds are cut for one who realizes the Supreme Being.”

This echoes the idea that the Knot of Life is a bond that must be unraveled for spiritual liberation.

The Symbolism of Prana:

• Just as the Ankh symbolizes the breath of life, the Vedas describe Prana (life force) as the essence that sustains all beings. Rig Veda (10.90.13) states:

“From Prana arises all life and movement; it is the cosmic principle that connects all.”

Connections Between the Ankh and the Knot of Life

Life and Immortality:

• Both the Ankh and the Knot of Life represent immortality and the continuity of life. In Hindu philosophy, this is expressed through Moksha (liberation from the cycle of Samsara), while in Egyptian thought, the Ankh is a key to the eternal afterlife.

Union of Opposites:

• The Ankh symbolizes the union of male and female energies, akin to the Shiva-Shakti concept in Hinduism, where creation arises from the union of these cosmic principles. The Knot of Life in Hinduism also represents this balance and interconnectedness.

Divine Connection:

• The Ankh is often depicted being held by gods or offered to Pharaohs, symbolizing a divine connection and the granting of eternal life. Similarly, the Knot of Life in Hinduism binds the soul to divine energy and can be untied through spiritual practices like yoga and meditation.

Biblical Connections

The Tree of Life:

• In the Bible, the Tree of Life in the Garden of Eden (Genesis 2:9) parallels the Ankh and the Knot of Life, symbolizing eternal life and divine wisdom.

“The Tree of Life was in the midst of the garden, and the Tree of the Knowledge of Good and Evil.”

This reflects the duality of existence and the potential for eternal life through divine connection.

Binding and Loosing:

• In Matthew 16:19, Jesus says:

“I will give you the keys of the kingdom of heaven; whatever you bind on earth will be bound in heaven, and whatever you loose on earth will be loosed in heaven.”

This can be metaphorically linked to the knot that binds the material and spiritual realms, which can be loosened through divine knowledge.

Vedic and Biblical Parallels with the Ankh

Immortality and Divine Energy:

• The Mundaka Upanishad (2.2.8) states:

“When the knots of the heart are untied, the mortal becomes immortal.”

This mirrors the Ankh’s role as a key to immortality in Egyptian thought.

The Universal Bond:

• The Ankh’s loop symbolizes the cycle of life, much like the Samsara chakra (wheel of life) in Hinduism, and the eternal covenant in the Bible, such as God’s promise to Noah in Genesis 9:16.

The Ankh of ancient Egypt, often referred to as the “Key of Life” or the “Knot of Life,” bears intriguing similarities to the Knot of Life in Hindu Sanatana Dharma. Both symbols represent the flow of life, immortality, and the divine connection between the material and spiritual worlds. Below is an explanation connecting the Ankh and the Knot of Life, with references from Vedic, Biblical, and Egyptian perspectives.

There are compelling parallels and shared symbology between the two that scholars and I as a seeker would like to explore. These connections are grounded in comparative mythology, cultural exchange theories, and symbolic interpretations. Below are some ideas and references you can quote or expand upon:

Comparative Perspectives

The Ankh as a Symbol of Life and Prana (Life Force):

 •  The Ankh symbolizes eternal life and vitality, much like Prana (life force) in Vedic traditions. The Rig Veda (10.90.13) mentions Prana as the essence of life, which resonates with the Ankh being the “Key of Life.”

•  Suggested Connection: The concept of a life-giving force is universal, and both the Ankh and Prana symbolize the divine energy that sustains all beings.

Union of Opposites:

•  In the Ankh, the loop is often interpreted as a representation of the womb (feminine energy), while the vertical line represents the phallus (masculine energy). This mirrors the Shiva-Shakti duality in Hinduism, where creation arises from the union of male and female principles.

• Suggested Textual Reference: The Shvetashvatara Upanishad (1.3-4) discusses the interplay of Purusha (male principle) and Prakriti (female energy) in creation, which can be conceptually linked to the symbolism of the Ankh.

Cycle of Life and Immortality:

• Both the Ankh and Hindu philosophy emphasize the cyclical nature of life (birth, death, and rebirth). The Mundaka Upanishad (2.2.8) says, “When the knots of the heart are untied, the mortal becomes immortal,” reflecting the immortality symbolized by the Ankh.

Theories of Connection

Ancient Cultural Exchange:

• During the Indus Valley Civilization (3000–1500 BCE), there was trade and cultural interaction between ancient India and Mesopotamia. Egypt, being a neighbouring culture to Mesopotamia, might have adopted similar life-symbols through indirect contact.

• Quote from Archaeology: Scholars like Subhash Kak have noted similarities between the Indus Valley symbols and ancient Egyptian motifs, though these need further study.

Universal Symbolism of the Knot of Life:

• The Knot of Life is a recurring archetype across cultures, symbolizing the binding force of existence. In the Vedas, the “Hridaya Granthi” (knot of the heart) ties the soul to material life, while the Ankh represents the key to eternal life.

• Suggested Connection: Both symbols reflect the human quest to transcend material limitations and access divine immortality.

References to Use for Interpretation

Egyptian Texts:

• The Ankh appears frequently in Egyptian Book of the Dead texts as the hieroglyph for “life” and is often depicted in the hands of gods.

• Suggested Parallel: Compare the Ankh’s role in granting life to the Hindu concept of the Kalpavriksha (wish-fulfilling tree) or Amrita (immortality nectar) in Vedic texts.

Vedic Texts:

• Atharva Veda (10.8.44): Describes the breaking of the knots that bind the soul to material existence, a concept analogous to the Ankh unlocking eternal life.

• Bhagavad Gita (2.20): “The soul is neither born nor does it die; it is eternal and indestructible.” This aligns with the immortality symbolized by the Ankh.

Biblical Connection:

• The Tree of Life in Genesis (2:9) shares symbolic resonance with both the Ankh and the Vedic “binding knot” of existence.

Conclusion

In Sanatana Dharma, Om and the Knot of Life are inseparable aspects of the cosmic design. While Om symbolizes the sound and vibration of creation, the Knot of Life represents the binding force of existence. Through the power of Om—meditation, self-awareness, and devotion—one can untangle the Knot of Life and transcend the cycle of Samsara, attaining Moksha. This profound connection is beautifully expressed in the Vedas and Upanishads, emphasizing the unity and eternal nature of existence.

The Ankh of Egypt and the Knot of Life in Sanatana Dharma share profound symbolic meanings, representing the flow of life, the connection between material and spiritual realms, and the quest for immortality. Both symbols emphasize the unity and interconnectedness of creation, reflecting humanity’s universal longing to transcend mortality and achieve divine union. Biblical references to the Tree of Life and the keys to the kingdom echo these themes, highlighting the shared spiritual truths across ancient cultures.

While no direct historical or textual evidence confirms that Sanatana Dharma directly influenced the Ankh, the symbolic and philosophical parallels—such as the concepts of life, immortality, and the union of opposites—suggest a shared spiritual archetype across ancient cultures. These ideas are fertile ground for comparative studies and spiritual exploration. We must explore these ideas, not as a conclusive remark, but as interpretations, a possible first step to understand the mystic nature, emphasizing the universal human longing to understand life, death, and immortality.

Being a Republic - Shaping India’s Journey: An Analysis of Principles and Way Forward

India’s journey as a sovereign, independent republic has been both inspiring and challenging. With the adoption of the Constitution on January 26, 1950, India transitioned from being a dominion under the British Crown to a self-governing nation that embraced the principles of democracy, liberty, and equality. This transformation marked the beginning of a unique experiment in governance, one that balanced the diverse cultural, linguistic, and religious ethos of a subcontinent-sized country.

The choice to become a republic empowered the people of India to shape their destiny. However, the inclusion of specific terms like “socialist” and “secular” in the Constitution during the 42nd Amendment (1976) has sparked debates about whether these terms align with the core values of a republic. This article explores how the republican structure has benefited India, critiques the ideological additions of socialism and secularism, and offers a roadmap for a more inclusive and participatory approach to nation-building.

Part I: How Being a Republic Has Helped India

 1. Empowerment of the People

The essence of a republic lies in the sovereignty of the people. In India, this meant transferring power from colonial rulers to the hands of citizens. The adoption of universal adult suffrage gave every Indian, regardless of caste, creed, or gender, the right to vote. This democratic framework has enabled the people to choose their representatives, ensuring accountability and fostering political participation.

2. Institutional Framework

The republic structure provided India with a robust institutional framework, including an independent judiciary, a bicameral legislature, and an executive bound by constitutional principles. These institutions have acted as pillars of democracy, ensuring checks and balances while protecting individual freedoms.

3. Preservation of Unity in Diversity

As a republic, India embraced federalism to accommodate its diverse population. The linguistic reorganization of states and the protection of minority rights helped preserve India’s pluralistic ethos while maintaining national unity.

4. Socio-Economic Progress

The republic model allowed India to pursue planned economic development. While challenges remain, significant progress has been made in reducing poverty, improving literacy rates, and enhancing healthcare. Programs like the Green Revolution and initiatives such as Digital India highlight the success of policies implemented within a republican framework.

5. Safeguarding Fundamental Rights

The Constitution of India guarantees fundamental rights, including freedom of speech, equality before the law, and protection from discrimination. These rights have empowered citizens to challenge injustices and demand accountability, fostering a culture of democracy and fairness.

Part II: Critique of the Inclusion of “Socialist” and “Secular”

1. Understanding the Additions

The words “socialist” and “secular” were added to the Preamble of the Constitution through the 42nd Amendment in 1976 during the Emergency. While socialism emphasizes state control over resources, secularism in the Indian context denotes the equal treatment of all religions by the state.

2. Conflict with Republican Principles

At its core, a republic is based on the sovereignty of the people and limited government interference. The insertion of “socialist” can be seen as an ideological shift towards centralized economic control, which may conflict with the free-market principles necessary for individual liberty and entrepreneurial growth.

Similarly, the term “secular” in practice has often led to policies that cater to identity-based appeasement rather than fostering genuine religious harmony. This approach risks diluting the neutrality of the state, a cornerstone of republican governance.

3. Challenges in Interpretation and Implementation

The subjective interpretation of these terms has sometimes polarized Indian society. Secularism, for instance, has been criticized for its selective application, leading to perceptions of bias. Likewise, socialism has occasionally stifled private enterprise and innovation through excessive state control.

4. Misalignment with India’s Cultural Fabric

India has historically been a land of coexistence, where diverse philosophies and religions flourished without the need for state intervention. The inclusion of “socialist” and “secular” seems redundant in a society that inherently values pluralism and community-driven solutions. Instead of imposing ideologies, the republic should focus on fostering self-reliance and mutual respect.

Part III: Towards a Participatory Approach to Nation-Building

1. Strengthening Democratic Institutions

To build a stronger future, India must focus on strengthening its democratic institutions. This involves ensuring transparency, reducing bureaucratic inefficiencies, and fostering greater citizen participation in governance. Initiatives like decentralized governance through Panchayati Raj institutions should be expanded to empower local communities.

2. Promoting Economic Freedom

A truly republican approach prioritizes individual freedom, including economic liberty. India must move away from remnants of socialist policies and embrace market-driven reforms that encourage innovation, entrepreneurship, and wealth creation. This will help address unemployment and uplift marginalized sections of society.

3. Reimagining Secularism

Rather than imposing a rigid definition of secularism, India should focus on nurturing a culture of mutual respect and coexistence. This can be achieved by emphasizing the values of tolerance and dialogue, which are deeply rooted in India’s civilizational heritage.

4. Investing in Education and Skill Development

Nation-building requires an educated and skilled workforce. India must invest in quality education that fosters critical thinking and innovation. Programs focused on skill development, especially in emerging fields like AI and renewable energy, will prepare the youth to drive the nation forward.

5. Fostering National Unity

India’s diversity is its strength, but it also poses challenges. To build a cohesive society, the focus must be on inclusivity and equal opportunity. Policies should address regional disparities, promote interfaith dialogue, and celebrate India’s rich cultural heritage.

6. Environmental Sustainability

A forward-looking approach to nation-building must prioritize environmental sustainability. India should adopt green technologies, promote renewable energy, and implement policies that balance economic growth with ecological conservation.

7. Engaging the Indian Diaspora

The Indian diaspora is a valuable asset in terms of economic investments, cultural influence, and global advocacy. Engaging the diaspora more effectively can contribute to nation-building through knowledge sharing and financial contributions.

Part IV: Building a Vision for the Future

As India moves forward, it must redefine its approach to governance and nation-building. The focus should be on fostering an inclusive, participatory, and forward-thinking approach to governance that aligns with the core principles of a republic. Here are some key areas of emphasis:

1. Empowering Citizens through Civic Engagement

A truly republican model thrives on active participation by its citizens. India must promote civic education to ensure that individuals understand their rights and responsibilities. Encouraging public debate, consultations, and grassroots activism can make governance more transparent and accountable.

2. Balancing Tradition with Modernity

India’s strength lies in its ability to balance ancient traditions with modern aspirations. Policies must reflect this harmony by leveraging traditional knowledge systems in areas like agriculture, medicine, and environmental conservation, while also embracing technological advancements and global trends.

3. Economic Prosperity through Innovation

Economic growth should be driven by fostering innovation and entrepreneurship. Creating a conducive environment for start-ups, reducing bureaucratic hurdles, and investing in research and development can ensure sustained economic progress. A focus on public-private partnerships will further enhance efficiency and resource utilization.

4. Redefining National Identity

India’s national identity must transcend divisive ideologies and focus on unity in diversity. A republic that emphasizes the shared values of liberty, fraternity, and equality can inspire a sense of collective purpose. Celebrating regional cultures while promoting a pan-Indian ethos will strengthen the nation’s social fabric.

5. Strengthening Federalism

India’s federal structure is a cornerstone of its republican framework. Empowering states with greater autonomy while ensuring national cohesion can address regional disparities and foster inclusive development. Collaborative federalism, where states and the center work as partners, is essential for progress.

6. Promoting Inclusive Secularism

Secularism should be reimagined as a philosophy of equal respect for all faiths rather than state intervention in religious matters and unnecessary protectionist measures for minorities, ignoring the majority. Policies should focus on creating a level playing field where no community feels marginalized or privileged over others, ensuring harmony and mutual respect.

7. Focusing on Youth and Future Generations

With a young population, India must invest heavily in its youth. Education reforms, skill development programs, and platforms for innovation are critical. The younger generation should be encouraged to take leadership roles in shaping the future, contributing fresh ideas and perspectives.

8. Global Leadership through Soft Power

India’s cultural heritage, democratic ideals, and technological prowess position it as a global leader. By leveraging its soft power in diplomacy, trade, and international collaborations, India can play a pivotal role in addressing global challenges like climate change and public health crises.

Conclusion

India’s journey as a republic has been a testament to the resilience and ingenuity of its people. The principles enshrined in the Constitution have provided a strong foundation for governance, development, and social justice. However, as India looks to the future, it must critically evaluate the ideological constructs that have shaped its policies and recalibrate its focus on genuine republican ideals.

The inclusion of terms like “socialist” and “secular” has, at times, diverted attention from the broader goals of liberty and equality. Instead of imposing rigid ideologies, India must prioritize an inclusive, participatory, and pragmatic approach to nation-building that draws on its rich heritage and democratic traditions.

By fostering unity in diversity, promoting innovation, and strengthening democratic institutions, India can realize its potential as a global powerhouse. The future of the republic lies in the hands of its people—engaged, empowered, and united in their pursuit of a just and prosperous society. As Indians, our collective responsibility is to rise above ideological divides and work together to build a nation that embodies the spirit of its Constitution while remaining true to its cultural ethos.

Expectations from Budget 2025: A Roadmap for Inclusive and Sustainable Growth

 

The Union Budget for 2025 is poised to be one of the most critical financial blueprints for India, particularly as the country navigates a global economic landscape riddled with uncertainties while maintaining its position as one of the fastest-growing economies in the world. As the Indian government prepares to unveil its vision for the next fiscal year, there are several key areas where Budget 2025 must focus, including tax reforms, capital expenditure deployment, gender inclusivity, and measures to boost startups and youth empowerment.

This article provides a comprehensive analysis of what to expect from Budget 2025, delving into India’s economic resilience, the need for reforms, and strategies for creating an inclusive, innovation-driven economy.

1. India’s Economic Resilience: A Solid Foundation

Recovery Post-Pandemic

India’s economic recovery post-pandemic has been nothing short of remarkable. Despite challenges such as global inflation, supply chain disruptions, and geopolitical tensions, the Indian economy has showcased resilience and adaptability. Real GDP growth has remained robust, with estimates placing it at around 6.5% for FY 2024-25, a stark contrast to the negative growth experienced during the COVID-19 pandemic.

The resilience is attributed to:

1.  Strong Domestic Demand: Post-pandemic consumption has surged, driven by rising urban and rural incomes.

2.  Government Interventions: Programs like the Atmanirbhar Bharat Abhiyan provided fiscal stimulus to sectors such as MSMEs, manufacturing, and infrastructure.

3. Global Supply Chain Realignment: India emerged as a viable alternative for global manufacturers, attracting investments in electronics, pharmaceuticals, and renewable energy.

Key Economic Indicators

• Inflation Management: Inflation has been moderated to 4.7% as of December 2024, aided by efficient monetary policies by the Reserve Bank of India (RBI).

• FDI and Exports: FDI inflows have continued to grow, with $84 billion in FY 2023-24, while exports of services, particularly in IT and digital solutions, remain strong.

• Fiscal Consolidation: The fiscal deficit, targeted to be 4.5% of GDP by FY 2025-26, reflects prudent fiscal management, even amidst large-scale public spending.

2. Income Tax Reforms: Relief for Individuals

 Historical Context

Income tax reforms have historically played a significant role in boosting consumer spending, a critical driver of India’s GDP. However, the middle class, which forms the backbone of India’s economy, has often felt constrained by high taxation rates and limited disposable income.

Budget 2025 provides an opportunity to address this issue. While previous budgets, including the one in 2020, introduced a simplified new tax regime, its adoption has been lukewarm due to the elimination of popular exemptions.

What to Expect in Budget 2025

1. Increase in Basic Exemption Limits:

The current exemption is recommended to be increased to ₹10 lakh, providing relief to lower-income groups and ensuring more disposable income for the middle class.

2. Lowering Rates for the Middle Class:

Tax rates for the ₹10 lakh - ₹20 lakh brackets could be reduced further to spur consumption, which has a direct multiplier effect on the economy.

3. Enhanced Standard Deduction:

The standard deduction for salaried individuals and pensioners could be increased to ₹1.5 lakhs to offset inflationary pressures.

4. Support for Senior Citizens:

Senior citizens could see an increase in the exemption threshold to ₹10 lakh, recognizing their unique financial needs. We also have to take into consideration changing social fabric of elderly citizens - being left alone by their children

5. Incentives for Savings:

Reintroducing tax exemptions for savings instruments like PPF, ELSS, and insurance premiums under the new tax regime could encourage a culture of savings while stimulating long-term investments.

3. Capital Expenditure: Building India’s Future

 Historical Perspective

The government’s focus on capital expenditure (capex) has been a cornerstone of its growth strategy. The ₹10 lakh crore allocation for FY 2024-25 marked a significant 33% increase over the previous year, reflecting an unprecedented commitment to infrastructure development.

Capex spending has a multiplier effect, generating jobs, boosting industrial activity, and enhancing India’s global competitiveness.

Key Areas for FY 2025-26

1. Infrastructure Development:

• Completion of PM Gati Shakti projects, including expressways, freight corridors, and ports.

•  Focus on Tier-2 and Tier-3 cities to promote balanced urbanization.

•  Expansion of metro networks in cities like Indore, Jaipur, and Lucknow.

2. Renewable Energy Transition:

•  Greater investment in solar and wind energy, with specific targets for green hydrogen production.

•  Incentives for electric vehicle (EV) infrastructure, including charging stations and battery production.

3. Rural Development:

•  Enhanced allocation for rural infrastructure under the Pradhan Mantri Gram Sadak Yojana.

•  Investments in water supply schemes and irrigation systems to support agricultural growth.

4. Healthcare and Education:

•  Increased funding for Ayushman Bharat Digital Health Mission to expand healthcare access.

•  Setting up smart classrooms and digital libraries under PM e-Vidya to revolutionize education.

5. Private Sector Participation:

• Public-private partnerships (PPPs) for infrastructure projects could be incentivized to attract private investment and expertise.

4. Gender-Neutral Budgeting: A Step Toward Equality

 Why Gender-Neutral Policies Are Crucial

Despite significant progress, gender inequality persists in India, particularly in workforce participation and access to opportunities. Historically, budgetary allocations have focused on women-specific programs. While these efforts are commendable, a gender-neutral approach ensures inclusivity for all genders, including men, women, and LGBTQ+ communities.

 Proposed Measures

1. Workforce Inclusion:

•  Tax incentives for companies promoting gender neutrality in leadership roles.

•  Enhanced funding for vocational training in traditionally male-dominated sectors like construction and manufacturing and avoiding female centric decision-making

2.  Financial Independence:

•   Expansion of credit facilities like Mudra Yojana to include a gender-neutral framework.

•   Subsidized loans for start-ups led by women entrepreneurs.

3. Access to Healthcare:

•  Increased allocation for reproductive health and mental health programs across genders.

•  Expansion of gender-neutral insurance policies.

4. Education for All:

• Scholarships and STEM initiatives should target young women and other underrepresented groups.

• Promoting awareness campaigns to address gender stereotypes in rural areas.

 5. Fostering Start-ups and Youth Empowerment

 India’s Startup Ecosystem

India has emerged as a global Startup hub, with over 108 unicorns as of 2024. However, start-ups face challenges like regulatory hurdles, limited funding access, and skill gaps in the workforce.

 Budget Expectations

1. Regulatory Reforms:

•  Simplifying compliance norms for start-ups, particularly in GST and labour laws.

•  Introducing a single-window clearance system for easier business registrations.

2. Funding Support:

• Increasing the Fund of Funds for Start-ups (FFS) corpus to support seed and early-stage start-ups.

• Extending tax exemptions on ESOPs to attract and retain talent.

3. Skill Development:

• Scaling up initiatives under PM Kaushal Vikas Yojana, with a focus on AI, blockchain, and green technologies.

•  Introducing mentorship programs for young entrepreneurs.

4. Youth Entrepreneurship:

• Offering micro-loans for young entrepreneurs through government-backed credit schemes.

• Incentivizing rural entrepreneurship with targeted funding for agritech and renewable energy ventures.

Conclusion: Need for a Balanced and Visionary Budget

Budget 2025 is not merely a financial statement; it is an opportunity to define India’s future. By focusing on income tax relief, strategic capital expenditure, gender-neutral policies, and youth empowerment, the government can lay the foundation for sustainable, inclusive growth.

India’s economic resilience, coupled with bold reforms, has created a unique window for transformational change. With a focus on equity, innovation, and fiscal prudence, Budget 2025 can serve as a blueprint for a $5 trillion economy, empowering every citizen to contribute to and benefit from the nation’s growth story.